Heap Sort

Discussion

Heap sort is simple to implement, performs an O(n·lg(n)) in-place sort, but is not stable.

The first loop, the Θ(n) "heapify" phase, puts the array into heap order. The second loop, the O(n·lg(n)) "sortdown" phase, repeatedly extracts the maximum and restores heap order.

The sink function is written recursively for clarity. Thus, as shown, the code requires Θ(lg(n)) space for the recursive call stack. However, the tail recursion in sink() is easily converted to iteration, which yields the O(1) space bound.

Both phases are slightly adaptive, though not in any particularly useful manner. In the nearly sorted case, the heapify phase destroys the original order. In the reversed case, the heapify phase is as fast as possible since the array starts in heap order, but then the sortdown phase is typical. In the few unique keys case, there is some speedup but not as much as in shell sort or 3-way quicksort.

Algorithm

# heapify
for i = n/2:1, sink(a,i,n)
→ invariant: a[1,n] in heap order

# sortdown
for i = 1:n,
    swap a[1,n-i+1]
    sink(a,1,n-i)
    → invariant: a[n-i+1,n] in final position
end

# sink from i in a[1..n]
function sink(a,i,n):
    # {lc,rc,mc} = {left,right,max} child index
    lc = 2*i
    if lc > n, return # no children
    rc = lc + 1
    mc = (rc > n) ? lc : (a[lc] > a[rc]) ? lc : rc
    if a[i] >= a[mc], return # heap ordered
    swap a[i,mc]
    sink(a,mc,n)

Properties

• Not stable
• O(1) extra space (see discussion)
• O(n·lg(n)) time
• Not really adaptive

References

Algorithms in Java, Parts 1-4, 3rd edition by Robert Sedgewick. Addison Wesley, 2003.

Programming Pearls by Jon Bentley. Addison Wesley, 1986.

Quicksort is Optimal by Robert Sedgewick and Jon Bentley, Knuthfest, Stanford University, January, 2002.

Bubble-sort with Hungarian ("Csángó") folk dance YouTube video, created at Sapientia University, Tirgu Mures (Marosvásárhely), Romania.

Select-sort with Gypsy folk dance YouTube video, created at Sapientia University, Tirgu Mures (Marosvásárhely), Romania.

The Beauty of Sorting YouTube video, Dynamic Graphics Project, Computer Systems Research Group, University of Toronto.